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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

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The hypnotic induction profile and absorption.

Edward J Frischholz1, David Spiegel, Mark J Trentalange

  • 1a University of Illinois at Chicago.

The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
|May 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) effectively measures absorption in clinical groups, correlating well with the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS). Combining HIP measures (Eye-Roll sign and Induction Score) improved prediction accuracy for hypnotic responsivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Hypnosis Research

Background:

  • Absorption is a key trait in understanding hypnotic responsivity.
  • Previous research indicated correlations between hypnotic responsivity measures and absorption in student samples.
  • The Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) is a tool used to assess hypnotic responsivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) scores and the trait of absorption in clinical populations.
  • To test if the Eye-Roll sign (ERS) and Induction Score (IND) of the HIP correlate with the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS).
  • To determine if combining ERS and IND scores enhances the prediction of TAS scores compared to using either measure alone.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved three clinical groups: Smokers (n=226), Phobics (n=95), and Chronic Pain patients (n=65).
  • Participants completed the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) and the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS).
  • Statistical analyses included correlational analyses and regression to test predictive accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Both hypotheses were supported across all three clinical groups.
  • Correlations between HIP scores (ERS and IND) and TAS scores ranged from .33 to .53.
  • Combining ERS and IND scores significantly increased the accuracy in predicting TAS scores.

Conclusions:

  • The HIP is a valid measure of absorption in clinical populations, including smokers, phobics, and chronic pain patients.
  • The findings support the utility of the HIP in assessing hypnotic responsivity and absorption.
  • Clinical and theoretical implications regarding hypnotic responsivity and absorption in these groups are discussed.