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    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • Family Studies

    Background:

    • Parenthood's impact on psychological well-being shows mixed results.
    • Gender differences in the parenthood-well-being relationship are inconsistently reported.
    • Methodological limitations, like not considering combined parental roles, may explain varied findings.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how combined parental roles influence depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers.
    • To explore potential gender differences in the relationship between parental roles and psychological well-being.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (N = 6,276).
    • Employed multinomial treatment models to analyze the effects of combined parental roles.

    Main Results:

    • Multiple parental roles are negatively associated with psychological well-being for both genders.
    • Childlessness has a more negative impact on women's psychological well-being.
    • Specific parental role combinations differentially affect mothers and fathers.

    Conclusions:

    • Combined parental roles significantly impact parental mental health.
    • Findings have implications for mental health professionals in screening for depression among parents.
    • Parents may benefit from targeted interventions considering their specific parental roles and gender.