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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Subviral Agents01:29

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Tenofovir in Indian children.

Jagdish Kathwate1, Ira Shah

  • 1Pediatric HIV, TB and Liver Clinic, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India. docjagdishkat@gmail.com.

Indian Pediatrics
|May 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy is safe and effective for HIV-infected children in India. This treatment showed no adverse effects or treatment failures over an average 3.4-year follow-up period in young patients.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric infectious diseases
  • Antiretroviral therapy research
  • HIV/AIDS clinical management

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for managing HIV infection in children.
  • Treatment failure or adverse effects necessitate switching to second-line ART regimens.
  • Tenofovir is a key component in many modern ART regimens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tenofovir-based ART in Indian children with HIV.
  • To assess treatment outcomes after failure or intolerance to first-line ART.
  • To determine the renal and gastrointestinal safety profile of tenofovir in this pediatric population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of seven HIV-infected children.
  • Treatment with tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy.

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  • Follow-up for an average of 3.4 years.
  • Monitoring for adverse effects and treatment failure.

    • Main Results:

    • No adverse effects were reported in any of the seven children during the follow-up period.
    • No instances of treatment failure were observed.
    • Tenofovir demonstrated a favorable safety profile regarding renal and gastrointestinal health.

    Conclusions:

    • Tenofovir-based ART is a safe and effective second-line treatment option for HIV-infected Indian children and adolescents.
    • The drug exhibits good renal and gastrointestinal tolerability in this population.
    • This supports the continued use of tenofovir in pediatric HIV management.