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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
07:22

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

898

Massive rotator cuff tears: definition and treatment.

Alexandre Lädermann1,2,3, Patrick J Denard4,5, Philippe Collin6

  • 1Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Rue J.-D. Maillard 3, 1217, Meyrin, Switzerland. alexandre.laedermann@gmail.com.

International Orthopaedics
|May 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT) classification and management, highlighting arthroscopy and tendon transfer. Treatment for MRCT depends on patient factors due to insufficient evidence for a standard algorithm.

Keywords:
ArthroscopyCuff tear arthropathyMassive rotator cuff repairOutcomePseudoparalysisReverse shoulder arthroplastyScoresShoulder functionTendon transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT) present diverse tear patterns, functional impairments, and varying reparability.
  • Accurate pre-operative evaluation is crucial for successful management of MRCT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize tear pattern classification and management options for massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT).
  • To propose a treatment paradigm for patients diagnosed with MRCT.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of 70 significant research papers was conducted.
  • Analysis focused on defining the reparability characteristics and alternative management techniques for MRCT.

Main Results:

  • MRCT encompasses a broad spectrum of lesions affecting function and reparability.
  • Arthroscopy is increasingly utilized, even for pseudoparalytic shoulders.
  • Tendon transfer is an option for young, irreparable MRCT patients with rotation loss; arthroplasty is considered for MRCT with arthritis.

Conclusions:

  • Currently, insufficient evidence exists to establish a definitive evidence-based treatment algorithm for MRCT.
  • Treatment strategies for MRCT are individualized, relying on patient-specific factors, associated pathologies, clinical experience, and case series data.