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Updated: Apr 13, 2026

In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury
Published on: November 15, 2024
Electromyography assessment in zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.
Mohammad Waheed El-Anwar1, Ezzeddin Elsheikh2, Ahmed Hassan Sweed2
1Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. mwenteg@yahoo.com.
Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures significantly reduce masseter and temporalis muscle activity. While surgery improves function, rehabilitation is crucial for full recovery.
Area of Science:
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Biomechanical Engineering
- Rehabilitation Medicine
Background:
- Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are common facial injuries.
- Muscle function assessment is vital for evaluating ZMC fracture outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate masseter and temporalis muscle activity in ZMC fracture patients using electromyography (EMG).
- To compare muscle activity before and after surgical intervention.
Main Methods:
- Prospective study of 25 ZMC fracture patients.
- Surface EMG analysis of masseter and temporalis muscles pre- and post-surgery (6 weeks).
- 15 patients underwent open reduction and rigid fixation (ORIF).
Main Results:
- Significant EMG differences observed between fractured and normal sides (P < 0.0001).
- ORIF led to significant EMG improvement.
- Postoperative EMG on the repaired side remained lower than the normal side (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions:
- ZMC fractures substantially impair masseter and temporalis muscle function.
- Surgical treatment improves muscle activity, but it does not fully normalize within 6 weeks.
- Postoperative rehabilitation is essential for optimal functional recovery.
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