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Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Epistaxis

Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Symptomatic Pneumorrhachis After an Epidural Blood Patch.

Pravin Krishna¹, Malkeet Gupta²

¹Department of Emergency Medicine, Antelope Valley Hospital, Lancaster, California.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine

|May 4, 2015

Summary

Pneumorrhachis (PR), or air in the spinal canal, is rare but can cause symptoms after procedures like epidural anesthesia. Emergency physicians should consider PR and potential underlying causes when patients present with new neurological symptoms.

Keywords:

pneumorrhacis spinal canal air

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International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

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Area of Science:

Radiology
Neurology
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Pneumorrhachis (PR) is the presence of air within the spinal canal, a rare finding with various causes including trauma and iatrogenic factors.
While often asymptomatic and managed conservatively, PR can indicate serious underlying pathology and may present symptomatically.

Observation:

A case report details a 34-year-old woman who developed symptomatic Pneumorrhachis after an epidural blood patch for post-dural puncture headache.
Computed tomography angiography confirmed epidural PR, which presented as acute cervical radicular pain.

Findings:

The patient experienced significant pain improvement with conservative management, including analgesia, IV fluids, and bed rest.
At 5-month follow-up, the patient remained symptom-free, indicating a favorable prognosis for iatrogenic PR in this instance.

Implications:

This case highlights the first reported instance of iatrogenic, symptomatic PR in the emergency medicine literature.
Emergency physicians must be aware that while often benign, PR, especially in traumatic cases, warrants a thorough search for associated serious pathologies.
Symptomatic PR requires prompt evaluation and tailored treatment based on symptom severity.