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Related Concept Videos

Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
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Updated: Apr 13, 2026

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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[Sex hormones and metabolic function].

Toshihiko Yanase, Makito Tanabe, Takashi Nomiyama

    Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
    |May 5, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Testosterone and estrogens protect against metabolic syndrome and diabetes by influencing leptin signaling and fat metabolism. Age-related decline in these hormones contributes to obesity and related diseases.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Metabolic Health
    • Reproductive Biology

    Background:

    • Testosterone (T) and estrogens (E) are key sex steroids mediating biological actions through androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER).
    • Testosterone can be converted to estrogens by aromatase, influencing metabolic processes.
    • Recent studies highlight the protective roles of T-AR and E-ER signaling against metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus (DM).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the mechanisms by which sex steroids protect against metabolic dysfunction.
    • To understand the role of sex steroids in regulating central and peripheral metabolic pathways.
    • To investigate the link between age-associated decline in sex steroids and metabolic diseases.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of human and mouse mutant phenotypes for AR, ER, and aromatase.

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  • Investigating the influence of sex steroids on leptin signaling pathways.
  • Examining the effects of sex steroids on lipid synthesis and lipolysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Androgen receptor and estrogen receptor signaling are protective against metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
    • Sex steroids appear to potentiate leptin signaling centrally.
    • Sex steroids suppress lipid synthesis and promote lipolysis peripherally.

    Conclusions:

    • Insufficiency in sex steroid levels or action leads to obesity and insulin resistance.
    • Age-associated decrease in sex steroids is a significant factor in the development of visceral obesity and related health issues.
    • Maintaining adequate sex steroid function is crucial for metabolic health and preventing age-related diseases.