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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

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How expectation works: psychologic and physiologic pathways.

Walter A Brown1

  • 1Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University. He is the author of the book, The Placebo Effect in Clinical Practice, published by Oxford Press in 2012.

Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013)
|May 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The placebo effect

Keywords:
brain imagingexpectationplacebo

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The precise mechanisms underlying the placebo effect, particularly the role of expectation, remain incompletely understood.
  • The conversion of psychological expectation into physiological responses like symptom relief is a complex, uncharted pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review psychological concepts of expectation and contemporary brain imaging research on the placebo effect.
  • To explore how expectation influences brain activity and chemistry to produce therapeutic outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established psychological theories on expectation.
  • Analysis of recent brain imaging studies investigating placebo-induced changes.

Main Results:

  • Expectation is linked to measurable changes in brain activity and chemistry.
  • Observed effects include alleviation of depression, pain relief, and improvement in Parkinsonian symptoms.
  • These findings correlate expectation with specific neurological and chemical alterations.

Conclusions:

  • Brain imaging research is beginning to elucidate the pathway between expectation and physiological response.
  • Contemporary findings necessitate a reevaluation of traditional understandings of how expectation and placebos exert their effects.