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Updated: Apr 13, 2026

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking
Published on: January 3, 2018
Precise Three-Dimensional Scan-Free Multiple-Particle Tracking over Large Axial Ranges with Tetrapod Point Spread
Yoav Shechtman1, Lucien E Weiss1, Adam S Backer2
1†Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 375 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States.
Abstract:
We employ a novel framework for information-optimal microscopy to design a family of point spread functions (PSFs), the Tetrapod PSFs, which enable high-precision localization of nanoscale emitters in three dimensions over customizable axial (z) ranges of up to 20 μm with a high numerical aperture objective lens. To illustrate, we perform flow profiling in a microfluidic channel and show scan-free tracking of single quantum-dot-labeled phospholipid molecules on the surface of living, thick mammalian cells.
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