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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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MapMyFlu: visualizing spatio-temporal relationships between related influenza sequences.

Nicholas Nolte1, Nils Kurzawa1, Roland Eils1

  • 1Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, and Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.

Nucleic Acids Research
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MapMyFlu visualizes influenza virus evolution using molecular and geographical data. This web tool aids in understanding viral spreading patterns and reconstructing evolutionary history for pandemic preparedness.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Viral molecular dynamics, including mutations and reassortments, significantly impact influenza's host adaptation, drug resistance, and pandemic potential.
  • Integrating molecular data with epidemiological parameters is essential for comprehending how genetic changes influence infection dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce MapMyFlu, a novel web-based tool designed for visualizing influenza virus spread.
  • To facilitate the spatial and temporal display of influenza viruses based on sequence data and epidemiological context.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing BLAST searches against the NCBI Influenza Database to identify related influenza virus sequences.
  • Developing a web server that integrates sequence data with Google Maps for spatial and temporal visualization.
  • Ensuring the tool is accessible, user-friendly, and requires no local installation.

Main Results:

  • MapMyFlu successfully displays influenza virus sequences spatially and temporally on a Google Map.
  • The tool clearly reveals temporal and geographical trends in influenza virus distribution.
  • Visualizations aid in reconstructing the evolutionary history of specific influenza sequences.

Conclusions:

  • MapMyFlu provides an intuitive and accessible platform for analyzing influenza virus evolution.
  • The tool enhances understanding of molecular and epidemiological links in viral spreading.
  • It serves as a valuable resource for researchers and public health officials in tracking and predicting influenza dynamics.