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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobalt diimine-dioxime complexes.

Nicolas Kaeffer1, Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou1, Vincent Artero1

  • 1Laboratoire de Chimie Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA Life Science Division, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.

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|May 6, 2015
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Summary

This study introduces advanced cobalt diimine-dioxime catalysts for efficient solar hydrogen production. These catalysts show enhanced stability and mimic natural enzymes, paving the way for sustainable solar fuel generation.

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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Area of Science:

  • Artificial Photosynthesis
  • Renewable Energy Storage
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Storing solar energy via artificial photosynthesis and solar fuels is crucial for sustainability.
  • Hydrogen production from water splitting is a primary goal for artificial photosynthesis.
  • Earth-abundant catalysts, like cobaloximes, are vital for efficient hydrogen evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a second generation of cobalt catalysts, cobalt diimine-dioxime complexes, for enhanced stability and efficiency in hydrogen production.
  • To investigate the mechanism of hydrogen evolution and the stability of these catalysts under various conditions.
  • To explore the immobilization of these catalysts on electrode surfaces for practical applications in solar fuel generation.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized and characterized cobalt diimine-dioxime complexes.
  • Investigated catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution in nonaqueous and aqueous solutions.
  • Immobilized catalysts onto carbon nanotubes and evaluated performance in molecular-based electrodes.
  • Analyzed catalyst stability and decomposition pathways under turnover conditions.

Main Results:

  • Cobalt diimine-dioxime catalysts exhibit high stability, particularly under acidic conditions, due to their tetradentate ligand structure.
  • Hydrogen evolution occurs via proton-coupled electron transfer, mimicking hydrogenase enzymes and enabling low overpotential operation.
  • Immobilized catalysts on carbon nanotubes show significantly enhanced stability compared to their solution-phase counterparts.
  • Catalyst decomposition in aqueous buffer forms a novel H2-CoCat material that mediates efficient hydrogen evolution.
  • Demonstrated potential for light-driven H2 generation in mixed and aqueous solutions, suitable for photoelectrochemical cells.

Conclusions:

  • Cobalt diimine-dioxime complexes represent a significant advancement in artificial photosynthesis for solar fuel production.
  • The enhanced stability and biomimetic mechanism offer a promising route towards efficient and sustainable hydrogen evolution.
  • Immobilization strategies and the discovery of H2-CoCat open new avenues for developing robust molecular-based photoelectrodes for overall water splitting.