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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Polyploidy.

Laura E Frawley1, Terry L Orr-Weaver1

  • 1Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|May 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic polyploidy involves an increase in DNA content within specific cell types during differentiation. This Primer explores the causes and mechanisms of somatic polyploidy in multicellular organisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Polyploidy, an increase in genome DNA content, occurs in specific cell types during differentiation.
  • Somatic polyploidy is distinct from germline polyploidy and occurs within subsets of tissues.
  • Polyploid cells can be mononucleate or multinucleate, with variations in chromosome structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reasons behind somatic polyploidy.
  • To elucidate the cellular mechanisms driving polyploidization.
  • To provide an overview of the current understanding of somatic polyploidy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on polyploidy.
  • Analysis of cellular processes involved in DNA replication and cell division.
  • Comparative study across plant and animal kingdoms.

Main Results:

  • Somatic polyploidy is a widespread phenomenon in multicellular organisms.
  • Specific cell differentiation programs often involve polyploidization.
  • Mechanisms include endoreduplication and cell fusion, leading to varied cell ploidy.

Conclusions:

  • Somatic polyploidy plays crucial roles in tissue development and function.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the "why" behind somatic polyploidy.
  • The field is actively exploring the functional significance and regulatory pathways of somatic polyploidy.