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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions01:21

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Measuring the dynamic structure factor of a quantum gas undergoing a structural phase transition.

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Researchers developed a new method to measure the dynamic structure factor in quantum gases using cavity-enhanced photon scattering. This technique allows real-time observation of density fluctuations and excitations in these dilute systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • The dynamic structure factor is crucial for understanding quantum many-body systems, revealing material structure and collective excitations.
  • Inelastic neutron scattering is a standard method for measuring this in condensed matter but is not feasible for dilute ultracold atomic gases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, nondestructive method for directly measuring the dynamic structure factor in ultracold atomic gases in real-time.
  • To investigate quantum gases with cavity-mediated long-range interactions and their dynamic properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized inelastic scattering of photons stimulated by an enhanced vacuum field within a high-finesse optical cavity.
  • Applied this technique to a quantum gas system exhibiting cavity-mediated interactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully performed a direct, real-time, and nondestructive measurement of the dynamic structure factor.
  • Extracted density fluctuations, their energy, and lifetime during a structural phase transition.
  • Observed occupation of the relevant quasi-particle mode with only a few excitations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed photon scattering technique is effective for probing dynamic structure factors in dilute quantum gases.
  • The study provides a theoretical framework for dissipative quantum many-body systems and characterizes their excitations.