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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation...
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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
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Membrane nanotube formation in osteoclastogenesis.

Toshio Kukita1, Akira Takahashi, Jing-Qi Zhang

  • 1Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan, kukitat@dent.kyushu-u.ac.jp.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
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Summary

Membrane tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) facilitate cell communication and material transport. This study presents live imaging and electron microscopy protocols to detect TNTs during osteoclastogenesis, aiding the study of cell fusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • Membrane tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are crucial for intercellular communication and material transport over long distances.
  • During osteoclastogenesis, mononuclear osteoclast precursors extensively form TNTs before cell fusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish protocols for detecting and observing TNTs during osteoclastogenesis.
  • To facilitate the study of TNT formation and function in bone cell development.

Main Methods:

  • Live cell imaging using confocal laser microscopy to visualize TNTs in real-time.
  • Scanning electron microscopy for high-resolution structural observation of TNTs.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated effective protocols for TNT detection during osteoclastogenesis.
  • Provided methods for both dynamic observation and detailed structural analysis of TNTs.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocols enable robust detection and characterization of TNTs in the context of osteoclastogenesis.
  • These methods will advance research into the role of TNTs in cell fusion and bone remodeling.