Improving biocompatibility of zirconia surface by incorporating Ca ions

Though zirconia has been used in dental implant fixtures, the biocompatibility of the zirconia surface is not optimal for the surrounding tissue, and many surface modifications have been attempted. We have developed a novel method for improving the biocompatibility of zirconia by incorporating Ca ions. Elemental analysis showed that calcium ions become thoroughly incorporated into the zirconia surface after firing with calcium acetate. Mechanical tests indicated that the Ca ions had little effect on the flexural strength and hardness. Moreover, incorporating Ca ions also dramatically improved the water wettability of specimens that had been soaked in a simulated body fluid. The surface of the Ca-modified zirconia demonstrated good initial cell attachment.