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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs
Published on: August 8, 2022
Fabrication of bone cement that fully transforms to carbonate apatite
Arief Cahyanto1, Michito Maruta, Kanji Tsuru
1Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to fabricate a type of bone cement that could fully transform to carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) in physiological conditions. A combination of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous was chosen as the powder phase and mixed with one of three kinds of sodium phosphate solutions: NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, or Na3PO4. The cement that fully transformed to CO3Ap was fabricated using vaterite, instead of calcite, as a CaCO3 source. Their stability in aqueous solutions was different, regardless of the type of sodium phosphate solution. Rate of transformation to CO3Ap in descending order was Na3PO4>Na2HPO4>NaH2PO4. Transformation rate could be affected by the pH of solution. Results of this study showed that it was advantageous to use vaterite to fabricate CO3Ap-forming cement.
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