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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

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NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
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A Bonner Sphere Spectrometer for pulsed fields.

E Aza1, N Dinar2, G P Manessi3

  • 1CERN, Geneva 23 CH-1211, Switzerland Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|May 8, 2015
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Summary

A new Bonner Sphere Spectrometer (BSS), the BSS-LUPIN, overcomes limitations of conventional devices in pulsed neutron fields (PNF). It accurately measures neutron spectra, unlike older BSS systems prone to distortion.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear physics
  • Radiation detection and measurement

Background:

  • Conventional Bonner Sphere Spectrometers (BSS) face significant limitations in pulsed neutron fields (PNF).
  • Proportional counters in traditional BSS experience dead time losses and underestimation of neutron rates in PNF.
  • These issues cause severe distortions in the calculated neutron energy spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and characterize an innovative BSS, termed BSS-LUPIN, designed for accurate neutron measurements in PNF.
  • To evaluate the physical characteristics and working principle of the BSS-LUPIN.
  • To assess the performance of BSS-LUPIN against conventional methods and simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the BSS-LUPIN device for pulsed neutron field applications.
  • Monte Carlo simulations to determine the response matrix of the BSS-LUPIN.
  • Experimental testing of the BSS-LUPIN in the stray neutron field at CERN Proton Synchrotron.

Main Results:

  • The BSS-LUPIN demonstrates a viable solution to the dead time and spectral distortion issues of conventional BSS in PNF.
  • Monte Carlo simulations provided the response matrix for the BSS-LUPIN.
  • Experimental data from CERN validated the performance of the BSS-LUPIN.

Conclusions:

  • The BSS-LUPIN effectively addresses the limitations of traditional Bonner Sphere Spectrometers in pulsed neutron fields.
  • This new device offers improved accuracy for neutron spectrum determination in challenging radiation environments.
  • The BSS-LUPIN represents a significant advancement in neutron spectrometry for pulsed fields.