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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

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Published on: August 15, 2018

Novel Anisotropic Magnetoelectric Effect on δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) Multiferroic Composites.

P Martins¹, A Larrea², R Gonçalves^1,3

¹†Centro/Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|May 8, 2015

Summary

Novel magnetoelectric (ME) sensors using δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites precisely detect magnetic field direction and amplitude. This new ME effect stems from magnetic rotation within the polymer matrix, enabling anisotropic sensor applications.

Keywords:

anisotropic magnetoelectrics multiferroic polymer-based sensors

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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Multiphase magnetoelectric (ME) composites have garnered significant research interest over the past decade.
Developing anisotropic sensors capable of precise magnetic field detection is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate novel anisotropic magnetoelectric sensors based on δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites.
To explore a new magnetoelectric effect arising from the magnetic rotation of δ-FeO(OH) nanosheets within a P(VDF-TrFE) matrix.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites with varying δ-FeO(OH) content (1-20 wt%) and alignment states (random, transversal, longitudinal).
Characterization of the magnetoelectric properties, including piezoelectric response, magnetization, and ME voltage coefficient under different magnetic field conditions.

Main Results:

Stable piezoelectric response (10-24 pC·N⁻¹) observed for at least three months.
Magnetization saturation value (3 emu·g⁻¹) showed dependence on δ-FeO(OH) content.
Achieved a maximum ME voltage coefficient of approximately 0.4 mV·cm⁻¹·Oe⁻¹, dependent on magnetic field direction and intensity.

Conclusions:

The developed δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites exhibit properties suitable for innovative anisotropic sensor applications.
The study reports a novel magnetoelectric effect driven by the rotation of magnetic nanosheets within a piezoelectric polymer matrix.
These materials offer precise control over magnetic field amplitude and direction detection.