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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Description
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ventilation Perfusion Scans are two radiological investigations that offer detailed diagnostic images of the body, particularly lung structures.
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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography
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An update on mammography.

R McLelland1, E D Pisano1, M P Braeuning1

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breast cancer risk factors beyond gender and aging are being investigated. Despite advances in screening, stable mortality rates suggest challenges in early detection and treatment effectiveness for this complex disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • A significant percentage of breast cancers lack identifiable causes beyond gender and aging.
  • Environmental, genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors are implicated as potential risk factors.
  • International comparisons, such as lower incidence in Japanese women compared to US women, highlight the role of external factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifactorial nature of breast cancer risk.
  • To examine the effectiveness of current screening methods in reducing overall mortality.
  • To identify reasons for the lack of significant reduction in breast cancer mortality despite increased incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data and risk factor research.
  • Analysis of breast cancer incidence and mortality trends.
  • Discussion of the limitations of current screening and diagnostic practices.

Main Results:

  • Breast cancer incidence varies significantly across populations, influenced by factors like migration and lifestyle changes.
  • Mammography and clinical breast examination are crucial for early detection but have not yet led to a reduction in overall mortality.
  • The inherent biological variability of breast cancer and delayed diagnosis contribute to persistent mortality rates.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding diverse risk factors is critical for breast cancer prevention strategies.
  • Enhanced screening protocols and earlier diagnosis are necessary to improve survival outcomes.
  • Addressing the biological complexity and improving treatment efficacy are key to reducing breast cancer mortality.