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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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SnapShot: Insulin/IGF1 Signaling.

David K G Ma1, Christian Stolte2, James R Krycer3

  • 1Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia; School of Computer Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

Cell
|May 11, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway (ISP) is crucial for long-term health and lifespan. Its dysregulation is linked to diseases like type 2 diabetes and aging processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway (ISP) is a conserved cellular pathway regulating fundamental biological processes.
  • Perturbations in the ISP are implicated in aging, metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes, and lifespan determination across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of the ISP in regulating long-term health and lifespan.
  • To understand how ISP perturbations affect biological processes and disease states.
  • To explore the mechanisms of ISP-mediated regulation, particularly protein phosphorylation networks.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway (ISP) across different organisms.
  • Analyzed the impact of ISP perturbations on lifespan and healthspan.
  • Examined the regulation of biological processes including energy storage, apoptosis, and transcription.
  • Studied the role of protein phosphorylation networks in ISP signaling.

Main Results:

  • The ISP is essential for maintaining long-term health and influences lifespan.
  • Specific ISP alterations are associated with type 2 diabetes and extended lifespan in model organisms.
  • The ISP governs critical cellular functions such as energy storage, apoptosis, transcription, and homeostasis.
  • Temporal events in protein phosphorylation networks are precisely rewired by the ISP.

Conclusions:

  • The insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway is a key determinant of healthspan and lifespan.
  • Understanding ISP regulation offers insights into aging and metabolic diseases.
  • Precise control of protein phosphorylation dynamics is central to ISP function.