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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
However, failure of such a system...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Sarah A. Hills RGN MSc, 28 September 1960-1 May 2023.

Diabetologia·2023
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Glucose-induced β cell production of IL-1β contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2017
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Erratum. Small Interfering RNA-Mediated Suppression of Proislet Amyloid Polypeptide Expression Inhibits Islet Amyloid Formation and Enhances Survival of Human Islets in Culture. Diabetes 2008;57:3045-3055.

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IL-13 improves beta-cell survival and protects against IL-1beta-induced beta-cell death.

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Circulating Follistatin Is Liver-Derived and Regulated by the Glucagon-to-Insulin Ratio.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets
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50 years forward: beta cells.

Philippe A Halban1

  • 1Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Centre, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland, Philippe.halban@unige.ch.

Diabetologia
|May 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Further research into beta cell development and function is crucial for clinical applications. A detailed molecular and functional blueprint of beta cells is needed to develop new diabetes therapies, including beta cell replacement.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Significant advancements in understanding beta cell development and function over 50 years.
  • Current knowledge is insufficient for direct clinical application.
  • Diabetes remains a major health challenge requiring novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the necessity of a comprehensive business plan for beta cell research.
  • To emphasize the need for a detailed molecular and functional blueprint of beta cells.
  • To highlight the potential of this blueprint for developing new diabetes treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated research approach across multiple disciplines.
  • Focus on creating a molecular and functional blueprint of beta cells.

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A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet β-cell Replication Discovery Platform
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  • Strategic planning for future research and therapeutic development.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of knowledge gaps in beta cell biology.
    • Proposal for a structured, multidisciplinary approach to beta cell research.
    • Highlighting the potential for beta cell replacement therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive blueprint is essential for translating beta cell research into clinical practice.
    • Future diabetes therapies, particularly beta cell replacement, depend on this foundational knowledge.
    • Continued research and strategic planning are vital for advancing diabetes treatment.