Early adenosine release contributes to hypoxia-induced disruption of stimulus-induced sharp wave-ripple complexes in...

We investigated the effects of hypoxia on sharp wave-ripple complex (SPW-R) activity and recurrent epileptiform discharges in rat hippocampal slices, and the mechanisms underlying block of this activity. Oxygen levels were measured using Clark-style oxygen sensor microelectrodes. In contrast to recurrent epileptiform discharges, oxygen consumption was negligible during SPW-R activity. These network activities were reversibly blocked when oxygen levels were reduced to 20% or less for 3 min. The prolongation of hypoxic periods to 6 min caused reversible block of SPW-Rs during 20% oxygen and irreversible block when 0% oxygen (anoxia) was applied. In contrast, recurrent epileptiform discharges were more resistant to prolonged anoxia and almost fully recovered after 6 min of anoxia. SPW-Rs were unaffected by the application of 1-butyl-3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl) urea, a blocker of KATP channels, but they were blocked by activation of adenosine A1 receptors. In support of a modulatory function of adenosine, the amplitude and incidence of SPW-Rs were increased during application of the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). Interestingly, hypoxia decreased the frequency of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents in CA3 pyramidal cells, an effect that was converted into increased frequency by the adenosine A1 agonist DPCPX. In addition, DPCPX also delayed the onset of hypoxia-mediated block of SPW-Rs. Our data suggest that early adenosine release during hypoxia induces a decrease in pre-synaptic glutamate release and that both might contribute to transient block of SPW-Rs during hypoxia/anoxia in area CA3.