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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants
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Direct social perception, mindreading and Bayesian predictive coding.

Leon de Bruin1, Derek Strijbos1

  • 1Department of Philosophy, Radboud University Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, 6500 HD Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Consciousness and Cognition
|May 12, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study challenges traditional mindreading accounts of social cognition by introducing Bayesian Predictive Coding (BPC). BPC offers a unified framework that integrates direct social perception (DSP) and mindreading, potentially resolving long-standing debates.

Keywords:
Bayesian predictive codingDirect social perceptionEmbodied cognitionMindreading

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology
  • Philosophy of Mind

Background:

  • Mindreading accounts posit inference of mental states due to lack of direct perception.
  • Direct Social Perception (DSP) thesis challenges this, asserting direct perception of others' mental states.
  • The 'sandwich model' distinguishes perception, cognition, and action, underpinning mindreading accounts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the core disagreement between mindreading and DSP accounts.
  • To introduce Bayesian Predictive Coding (BPC) as an alternative framework.
  • To demonstrate how BPC can reconcile DSP and mindreading within a unified model.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of the 'sandwich model' of social cognition.
  • Comparison of mindreading/DSP theses with the Bayesian Predictive Coding (BPC) framework.
  • Theoretical integration of BPC with elements of both direct and indirect social perception.

Main Results:

  • Proponents of DSP, despite criticism, often retain the perception-cognition-action distinction of the sandwich model.
  • Bayesian Predictive Coding (BPC) challenges the necessity of a strict distinction between perception, cognition, and action.
  • BPC provides a framework capable of accommodating both direct perception and inferential mindreading.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional 'sandwich model' may be insufficient for fully explaining social cognition.
  • Bayesian Predictive Coding offers a more integrated and flexible approach to understanding how we perceive and understand others' mental states.
  • BPC has the potential to unify seemingly disparate theories of social perception and mindreading.