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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Chromatin regulators: weaving epigenetic nets.

Inmaculada Hernández-Muñoz

    Biomolecular Concepts
    |May 12, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cellular memory in multicellular organisms relies on chromatin, a complex of DNA and histones. Chromatin regulators maintain this memory and plasticity by altering chromatin structure in response to signals.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Multicellular organisms require differentiated cells to maintain cellular memory, ensuring faithful inheritance by progeny.
    • Specialized cells must respond to environmental and intrinsic signals, which can induce stable changes in gene expression.
    • Chromatin, the complex of DNA and histones, serves as the molecular substrate integrating cellular memory and plasticity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current understanding of chromatin regulators.
    • To explain how chromatin regulators maintain cellular memory and plasticity.
    • To highlight the role of chromatin in responding to cellular signals.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on chromatin regulators.

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  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which chromatin regulators affect chromatin conformation and accessibility.
  • Discussion of the role of chromatin regulator networks in propagating chromatin states.

    • Main Results:

    • Chromatin regulators modify DNA and histones, alter nucleosome positioning, and influence chromatin looping.
    • These regulators function in multiprotein complexes with intricate interplays between chromatin marks.
    • Chromatin regulator networks propagate chromatin conformation through cell division and remodel chromatin fiber for gene regulation.

    Conclusions:

    • Chromatin regulators are crucial for maintaining cellular memory and plasticity in eukaryotes.
    • The dynamic nature of chromatin allows cells to respond to stimuli while preserving essential information.
    • Understanding chromatin regulator networks provides insights into fundamental biological processes like transcription and DNA repair.