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A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
Whenever we consider heat engines (and associated devices such as refrigerators and heat pumps), we do not use the standard sign convention for heat and work. For convenience, we assume that the symbols Qh, Qc, and W represent only the amounts of heat transferred...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Waste heat generation: A comprehensive review.

Nazli Yeşiller1, James L Hanson2, Emma H Yee3

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This review analyzes heat generation in municipal solid waste (MSW), incinerator ash, and mining waste. Factors like climate and waste properties influence temperature variations and heat flow in containment facilities.

Keywords:
Heat generationIncinerator ashMining wasteMunicipal solid wasteTemperatureThermal property

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Area of Science:

  • Waste Management and Environmental Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Thermal Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding heat generation and thermal behavior in waste containment facilities is crucial for environmental safety and operational efficiency.
  • Various waste types, including municipal solid waste (MSW), MSW incineration ash, and mining wastes, exhibit distinct thermal characteristics.
  • Climatic conditions and inherent waste properties significantly influence thermal regimes within landfills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of heat generation processes in different waste types.
  • To analyze the thermal regime of waste containment facilities, considering spatial and temporal variations.
  • To investigate the factors affecting heat generation and thermal properties of wastes.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation and analysis of existing data on waste temperatures, thermal gradients, and heat generation values.
  • Evaluation of thermal properties (e.g., thermal conductivity) of MSW, incinerator ash, and mining wastes.
  • Assessment of heat flow patterns (upward vs. downward) and conductive thermal losses.

Main Results:

  • Waste temperatures varied widely across different waste types and conditions, ranging from -25°C to 90°C.
  • Heat generation was influenced by climatic conditions, earth temperatures, placement temperatures, cover conditions, and waste type.
  • MSW exhibited insulative qualities (low thermal conductivity), mining wastes were conductive (high thermal conductivity), and ash was intermediate.
  • Upward heat flow was more prominent than downward flow, with higher thermal gradients in MSW and ash compared to mining waste.

Conclusions:

  • The thermal regime of waste containment facilities is complex and influenced by multiple factors.
  • Accurate data on heat generation and thermal properties are essential for designing and managing waste containment systems effectively.
  • This review provides valuable data for investigating heat generation and thermal regimes in diverse waste types and locations.