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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Sensation01:21

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Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of external stimuli, initiating the process known as sensation. This occurs when sensory input, such as light entering the eye, is detected by these receptors, causing chemical changes in the cells of the retina. These cells then convert the sensory stimulus into action potentials that are transmitted to the central nervous system, a process termed transduction.
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Types of Toxins01:36

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Substances in Human Precision-cut Lung Slices
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Thresholds in chemical respiratory sensitisation.

Stella A Cochrane1, Josje H E Arts2, Colin Ehnes3

  • 1Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, Mk44 1LQ, UK.

Toxicology
|May 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Identifying thresholds for chemical allergy is crucial for occupational health. While evidence suggests sensitization is dose-related, precise threshold values are difficult to determine, necessitating new assessment methods.

Keywords:
Chemical respiratory allergyHazard characterisationOccupational asthmaRespiratory sensitisationSensitising potencyThresholds

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Immunology
  • Occupational Health

Background:

  • Chemical respiratory allergy is a significant occupational health issue, causing rhinitis and asthma.
  • Allergic reactions develop in two phases: induction (sensitization) and elicitation (reaction).
  • Identifying exposure thresholds for chemical allergens presents challenges for toxicologists and risk assessors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of identifying thresholds for chemical respiratory allergy.
  • To review current methods and data for determining sensitization thresholds.
  • To explore the challenges in defining accurate numerical threshold exposure levels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human occupational asthma studies.
  • Examination of experimental models for chemical respiratory allergen characterization.
  • Analysis of dose-response relationships in sensitization acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Evidence indicates that sensitization to chemical allergens is dose-dependent, with thresholds existing.
  • Accurate numerical threshold values are frequently difficult to define.
  • Safe workplace exposure levels may sometimes be derived from occupational data.

Conclusions:

  • Thresholds for chemical respiratory sensitization exist but are challenging to quantify precisely.
  • Current experimental methods for hazard characterization and threshold measurement are insufficient.
  • Development of alternative in vitro and in silico methods is needed for respiratory sensitisation assessment.