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Globally, alcohol and tobacco use disorders are the most prevalent addictive behaviors, causing the most harm. However, data quality is low, necessitating a coordinated approach for accurate global estimates.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Addiction Science

Background:

  • Addictive behaviors represent a significant global health challenge.
  • Estimating the worldwide prevalence and impact of these behaviors is crucial for effective intervention.
  • This study aims to synthesize existing data to provide reliable figures on addictive behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To collate and evaluate global data on the prevalence and harms of addictive behaviors.
  • To provide updated estimates for alcohol use disorder, tobacco use, psychoactive drug use, and gambling.
  • To identify gaps and limitations in current data for future research.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of online data from WHO, UNODC, and Alberta Gambling Research Institute.
  • Expert review of global, regional, and national prevalence and harm data.
  • Comparison of collated statistics with existing epidemiological publications.

Main Results:

  • Alcohol use disorder affects 4.9% of adults globally (240 million), with higher rates in men.
  • Tobacco use is prevalent in 22.5% of adults worldwide (1 billion), contributing significantly to mortality.
  • Cannabis is the most common illicit drug (3.5%), while 0.3% inject drugs, with significant disability-adjusted life years lost.

Conclusions:

  • Alcohol and tobacco use are the leading addictive behaviors, responsible for most related harm.
  • Current data quality is often low, limiting the reliability of global comparisons.
  • There is an urgent need for improved data quality and a standardized approach to estimating addiction prevalence and harms.