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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

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Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Robotic Myotomy and Partial Fundoplication for Achalasia
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Achalasia: a systematic review.

John E Pandolfino1, Andrew J Gawron2

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.

JAMA
|May 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Achalasia diagnosis requires considering dysphagia and refractory reflux when obstruction is ruled out. Treatment success for this esophageal motility disorder varies by subtype, impacting patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Esophageal Motility Disorders
  • Surgical & Endoscopic Interventions

Background:

  • Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder significantly impacting patient quality of life.
  • Diagnosis and treatment of achalasia can be challenging for clinicians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and management of achalasia.
  • To focus on phenotypic classification and its relation to therapeutic outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review and MEDLINE search were conducted.
  • Included articles published between January 2004 and February 2015.
  • Nine randomized controlled trials on endoscopic or surgical therapy were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Achalasia should be suspected in patients with dysphagia, chest pain, or refractory reflux without mechanical obstruction.
  • Manometry is recommended for suspected achalasia.
  • Pneumatic dilation (70%-90%) and laparoscopic myotomy (88%-95%) are effective treatments for disrupting the lower esophageal sphincter.
  • Prognosis varies by achalasia subtype: Type II shows highly favorable outcomes (96%), Type I intermediate (81%), and Type III less favorable (66%).

Conclusions:

  • Consider achalasia in unexplained dysphagia, especially when obstruction or inflammation is absent.
  • Treatment response in achalasia is significantly influenced by the specific subtype identified.