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Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Altered contralateral sensorimotor system organization after experimental hemispherectomy: a structural and

Willem M Otte1, Kajo van der Marel2, Maurits P A van Meer2

  • 11] Department of Pediatric Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
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Summary

Brain plasticity allows significant sensorimotor recovery after hemispherectomy. White matter integrity and functional networks adapt, offering targets for rehabilitation strategies to improve recovery from brain lesions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Hemispherectomy, the removal of one cerebral hemisphere, often results in substantial recovery of cognitive and motor functions.
  • This recovery highlights the brain's remarkable plasticity and its capacity for large-scale structural and functional adaptations in the remaining hemisphere.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural and functional brain adaptations following hemispherectomy.
  • To identify potential mechanisms underlying sensorimotor recovery and inform rehabilitation strategies for patients with large brain lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a hemispherectomy rat model, comparing eight operated rats with 12 controls.
  • Employed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to assess white matter integrity and functional connectivity at 7 and 49 days post-surgery.
  • Conducted behavioral testing to score sensorimotor performance.

Main Results:

  • Hemispherectomy induced significant sensorimotor deficits that largely resolved within two weeks.
  • Despite overall white matter volume reduction, fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity increased in the contralateral cerebral peduncle, indicating preserved or enhanced white matter integrity.
  • Observed functional adaptations within the contralateral sensorimotor network accompanied the structural changes.

Conclusions:

  • White matter modifications and functional network reorganization are key adaptations following hemispherectomy.
  • These neuroplastic changes in the brain provide potential targets for developing novel rehabilitation strategies to enhance functional recovery after significant brain injury.