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Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Testing a dual-systems model of adolescent brain development using resting-state connectivity analyses.

A C K van Duijvenvoorde1, M Achterberg1, B R Braams1

  • 1Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, and The Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands.

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Adolescent brain development involves distinct changes in cognitive control and reward networks. Functional connectivity strengthens in control regions and becomes more independent in motor and motivation networks with age.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Adolescence is a critical period for brain maturation, characterized by significant neurodevelopmental changes.
  • Dual-systems models propose distinct trajectories for socioemotional and cognitive-control brain networks during adolescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related changes in intrinsic functional connectivity within and between cognitive-control and affective-motivational networks.
  • To test a dual-systems model of adolescent brain development using fMRI data.

Main Methods:

  • Collected resting-state and task-related fMRI data from 269 participants aged 8-25.
  • Utilized seed-based resting-state analyses focusing on dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) regions.
  • Correlated functional connectivity with behavioral measures from cognitive rule-learning and reward paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Observed age-related increases in dlPFC connectivity with the caudate and thalamus, and decreases with the (pre)motor cortex.
  • Found strengthening of nAcc connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and hippocampus, and decreased connectivity with the ventral medial PFC (vmPFC).
  • Demonstrated that age-related learning and reward pleasure changes were mediated by specific functional connections.

Conclusions:

  • Results support a dual-systems model, indicating distinct developmental pathways for cognitive-control and affective-motivational brain networks.
  • Showed age-related strengthening of control and learning networks, and increasing independence of motor/control and motivation/valuation networks.
  • Highlighted the role of specific functional connectivity changes in mediating behavioral development during adolescence.