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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

329
In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

351
Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
08:56

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Intraindividual Reaction Time Variability, Falls, and Gait in Old Age: A Systematic Review.

Jack Graveson1, Sarah Bauermeister1, Denis McKeown1

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
|May 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Greater intraindividual variability (IIV) in reaction time is linked to increased falls and gait issues in older adults. This finding suggests IIV could be a valuable clinical tool for assessing fall risk and mobility problems.

Keywords:
CognitionDevelopmental changeFallsLife courseMobility problems

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Intraindividual variability (IIV) measures fluctuations in performance on cognitive tasks.
  • Elevated IIV may indicate compromised frontal circuitry, a factor linked to falls and gait impairment in older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on the relationship between IIV, falls, and gait in older adults.
  • To explore the potential of IIV metrics in clinical assessments for this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of electronic databases for studies on IIV, falls, and gait in adults aged 65+.
  • Data extraction focused on IIV measures, participant demographics, and study outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Nine studies (2,810 participants) met inclusion criteria.
  • All studies investigating IIV and falls found a link between higher variability and increased fall risk.
  • Half of the studies on IIV and gait indicated that greater IIV was associated with gait impairment.

Conclusions:

  • IIV measures are consistently associated with falls in older individuals.
  • IIV shows potential for assessing gait impairment in older populations.
  • IIV metrics could supplement existing clinical tools for evaluating falls risk and mobility issues.