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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
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Multivalent Antigens for Promoting B and T Cell Activation.

Nitasha R Bennett1, Daniel B Zwick1, Adam H Courtney1

  • 1†Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.

ACS Chemical Biology
|May 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Chemically defined, multivalent antigens enhance B-cell and T-cell communication for more effective vaccine design. High-valency polymeric antigens outperform traditional protein antigens in activating immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Efficacious vaccines depend on antigens that activate both B and T cells for robust immune responses.
  • Understanding how antigen structure influences B-cell and T-cell communication is challenging with conventional antigens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how chemically defined, multivalent antigens impact B-cell and T-cell activation and communication.
  • To investigate the role of antigen structure, specifically epitope valency, in immune system activation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ring-opening metathesis polymerization to synthesize chemically defined, multivalent antigens.
  • Incorporated both B-cell and T-cell epitopes onto a polymer backbone, allowing quantification via (19)F NMR.
  • Designed T-cell epitopes for liberation within B cells by cathepsin D to facilitate T-cell activation.

Main Results:

  • High B-cell receptor (BCR) epitope valency on antigens significantly increased BCR-mediated internalization and subsequent T-cell activation.
  • Chemically synthesized high-valency polymeric antigens demonstrated superior immune activation compared to traditional protein antigens.
  • The liberation of T-cell epitopes within B cells via cathepsin D was crucial for effective T-cell activation.

Conclusions:

  • Chemically defined multivalent antigens offer a powerful platform for dissecting B-cell and T-cell communication.
  • Antigen design, particularly controlling epitope valency and utilizing intracellular epitope release, can significantly enhance vaccine efficacy.
  • These findings provide a foundation for designing next-generation vaccines with improved immunogenicity.