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Related Concept Videos

Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice
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Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome.

Timothy R Sampson1, Sarkis K Mazmanian1

  • 1Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|May 15, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome influences brain function and neurological disorders. Understanding these gut-microbiome-brain connections may reveal new causes for psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Animals host a diverse microbiota crucial for nutrition, metabolism, and immunity.
  • Emerging research links gut bacteria to neurological outcomes, including behavior and nervous system disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for the microbiome's influence on the brain.
  • To explore the pathways connecting the gut to the central nervous system.
  • To highlight the potential of microbiome research in understanding neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on the gut microbiome and brain function.
  • Analysis of emerging evidence on gut-brain axis pathways.
  • Synthesis of current understanding and future directions in the field.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiome plays a significant role in regulating host physiology.
  • Gut bacteria communicate with the central nervous system through various mechanisms.
  • The microbiome's impact extends to behavior and the development of neurological disorders.

Conclusions:

  • The gut-brain axis is a critical area of research with implications for neuroscience.
  • Understanding microbiome-brain interactions may offer novel insights into psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Further research into gut-microbiome-brain connections promises to transform the neurosciences.