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Behavior change techniques in popular alcohol reduction apps: content analysis.

David Crane1, Claire Garnett, James Brown

  • 1Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom. david.crane.13@ucl.ac.uk.

Journal of Medical Internet Research
|May 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Few alcohol reduction apps use behavior change techniques (BCTs) or mention theory. Evidence mention and social support BCTs correlate with app popularity, but user ratings are weakly linked to BCT content.

Keywords:
alcoholandroidappsbehaviour changedigitaliPhoneinterventionmHealthsmartphone

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Health
  • Behavioral Science
  • Mobile Health (mHealth)

Background:

  • Mobile apps offer a cost-effective strategy for reducing excessive alcohol consumption.
  • However, limited data exists on the behavior change techniques (BCTs) within these apps, their theoretical or evidence base, and their impact on popularity and user ratings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of alcohol reduction apps in the UK market.
  • To identify the BCTs employed in these apps.
  • To investigate the association between BCTs, theoretical basis, evidence citation, and app popularity/user ratings.

Main Methods:

  • Searched app stores for "alcohol" and "drink" terms, classifying the top 800 results.
  • Coded alcohol reduction apps (free and top 10 paid) for BCTs and references to evidence or theory.
  • Extracted app popularity metrics and user ratings.

Main Results:

  • Only 13.7% of 662 unique apps focused on alcohol reduction; the majority were entertainment or blood alcohol content calculators.
  • Alcohol reduction apps contained an average of 3.6 BCTs, rarely utilizing those common in other health interventions.
  • Mention of evidence was associated with higher app popularity, as was the "social support" BCT. Environmental restructuring advice correlated with lower user ratings.

Conclusions:

  • A small fraction of alcohol-related apps promote health, with most implicitly or explicitly encouraging alcohol consumption.
  • Health-focused apps exhibit limited BCTs and lack theoretical grounding.
  • While evidence citation boosts popularity, BCTs have a weak correlation with app popularity and user ratings.