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Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Feedback Loops

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

Cross-reactivity

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

The authors reply

Darren M Roberts¹, Robert S Hoffman, Sophie Gosselin

¹Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, and Drug Health Clinical Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical Toxicology Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, INSERM U1144, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France Emergency Medicine Department/Clinical Toxicology Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Verdun Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Critical Care Medicine

|May 16, 2015

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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Last Updated: Apr 12, 2026

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