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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain
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A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation.

Jonathan D Breshears1, Annette M Molinaro1,2, Edward F Chang1,3,4,5

  • 1Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery.

Journal of Neurosurgery
|May 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study maps the human ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) using electrical stimulation, revealing functional organization for speech and non-speech movements. Probabilistic maps quantify individual variability in vSMC somatotopy.

Keywords:
AIC = Akaike information criterionAP = anterior-posteriorCN = cranial nerveCS = central sulcusDV = dorsal-ventralECS = electrocortical stimulationECoG = electrocorticographyMNI = Montreal Neurological InstituteSF = sylvian fissureSMC = sensorimotor cortexbrain mappingcorticobulbardSMC = dorsal SMCdiagnostic and operative techniquesfMRI = functional MRIprobabilistic mapssensorimotor cortexvSMC = ventral SMC

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurosurgery
  • Speech Science

Background:

  • The ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) is crucial for facial expression, mastication, swallowing, and speech.
  • Previous population maps of vSMC somatotopy lack individual variability quantification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe vSMC responses to electrical stimulation.
  • To generate probabilistic functional maps of the vSMC.
  • To quantify individual variability in vSMC organization.

Main Methods:

  • Collected intraoperative electrical stimulation data from 33 awake craniotomy patients.
  • Converted stimulation sites to a 2D coordinate system using anatomical landmarks.
  • Classified and mapped motor, sensory, and speech responses, quantifying spatial variance.

Main Results:

  • Identified 194 motor, 212 sensory, and 61 speech-arrest responses.
  • Observed consistent dorsal-ventral ordering of oral representations within individuals.
  • Found highest probabilities for jaw (0.85), tongue (0.82), and speech arrest (0.85) responses.

Conclusions:

  • Developed probabilistic functional maps for the human vSMC.
  • Defined the expected range of mapping outcomes for individual vSMC.
  • Advanced understanding of vSMC organization for speech and non-speech functions.