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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

An Effective Inoculation Method for Phytophthora capsici on Black Pepper Plants
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Making the strongest argument: Reply to Pepperberg (2015).

Kelly Jaakkola1

  • 1Dolphin Research Center.

Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)
|May 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study examines animal cognition, specifically the understanding of invisible displacement in Grey parrots. Further research is needed to rule out associative learning before confirming parrots possess this cognitive ability.

Area of Science:

  • Comparative Cognition
  • Animal Behavior
  • Avian Intelligence

Background:

  • Previous research on invisible displacement understanding in animals has been criticized for not adequately controlling for lower-level strategies.
  • Jaakkola (2014) suggested that only great apes show clear evidence of understanding invisible displacement due to methodological limitations in other studies.
  • Pepperberg (2015) contested this, specifically regarding Grey parrots, highlighting potential issues with olfactory and social cueing in previous research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evidence for Grey parrots' conceptual understanding of invisible displacement.
  • To address the methodological concerns raised regarding animal cognition studies, particularly associative learning.

Main Methods:

  • Critically reviews existing literature on invisible displacement in animals, focusing on studies involving Grey parrots.

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  • Highlights the necessity of controlling for associative learning as a potential confounding factor.

    • Main Results:

    • Acknowledges that olfactory and social cueing are unlikely to be confounding factors for Grey parrots.
    • Reiterates the critical need for studies that rigorously control for associative learning.

    Conclusions:

    • Current evidence is insufficient to definitively claim that Grey parrots understand invisible displacement.
    • Further research with stringent controls for associative learning is required to confirm conceptual understanding in parrots.