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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

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Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
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Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation
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[Pediatric emergence agitation].

V Lehmann1, J Giest, J Wermelt

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.

Der Anaesthesist
|May 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emergence agitation in children is a significant concern for pediatric anesthesiologists. Propofol is the preferred pharmacological intervention, and parental presence post-surgery is highly valued.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Anesthesiology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Child Psychology

Context:

  • Emergence agitation in children is a common postoperative complication.
  • Factors influencing its incidence include surgical procedure, patient age, and anesthetic regimen.

Purpose:

  • To survey experienced pediatric anesthesiologists on their clinical practices regarding emergence agitation.
  • To gather data on documentation, premedication, anesthesia, and postoperative treatment for pediatric emergence agitation.

Summary:

  • A survey of 156 pediatric anesthesiologists revealed that 87% consider emergence agitation a relevant clinical problem.
  • Propofol is the primary pharmacological agent for prevention and treatment, with 56% using it for treatment.
  • Midazolam is used for premedication by 89%, and 56% employ total intravenous anesthesia as a preemptive measure.

Impact:

  • Highlights the ongoing clinical relevance of emergence agitation in pediatric anesthesia.
  • Identifies current trends in pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies.
  • Underscores the perceived benefit of parental presence in mitigating postoperative agitation.