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Immunophilins: Structures, Mechanisms and Ligands.

Amaravadhi Harikishore, Ho Sup Yoon1

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Immunophilins, including cyclophilins (Cyps) and FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), are key proteins involved in various cellular processes. This review explores their characteristics and potential as drug targets for infectious diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Immunophilins are conserved proteins that bind immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine A and FK506.
  • Cyclophilins (Cyps) and FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are major immunophilin families, often catalyzing peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) reactions.
  • These proteins play crucial roles in protein folding, signaling, trafficking, and transcription, with diverse biological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular characteristics of human and Plasmodium immunophilins.
  • To discuss recent advancements in the development of immunophilin inhibitors.
  • To explore future perspectives for structure-based design of non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligands for treating infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of canonical and non-canonical immunophilin structures.
  • Literature review of recent studies on immunophilin inhibitors.
  • Exploration of structure-activity relationships for drug design.

Main Results:

  • Detailed molecular characterization of immunophilins from humans and key malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax).
  • Overview of current strategies and progress in developing novel immunophilin inhibitors.
  • Identification of potential therapeutic applications for non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligands.

Conclusions:

  • Immunophilins represent promising targets for therapeutic intervention, particularly in infectious diseases.
  • Structure-based drug design offers a viable approach for developing potent and selective immunophilin ligands.
  • Further research into non-immunosuppressive ligands could lead to new treatments for diseases like malaria.