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Related Concept Videos

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

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In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.8K
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

8.5K
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
8.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.7K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.7K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

2.3K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
2.3K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

2.2K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
2.2K

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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Singlet-to-triplet interconversion using hyperfine as well as ferromagnetic fringe fields.

M Wohlgenannt1, M E Flatté2, N J Harmon2

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy and Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA markus-wohlgenannt@uiowa.edu.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|May 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Organic spintronics significantly impacts device performance. Rapidly varying magnetic fields, from nuclear or fringe fields, control conductivity and light emission in organic electronics, even at room temperature.

Keywords:
magnetic-field effectmagnetoresistanceorganic spintronicsspin-chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Organic electronics
  • Spintronics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • The role of spin-physics (spintronics) in organic electronic devices was previously underestimated.
  • Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and photovoltaic cells are key applications where spintronics is relevant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent work demonstrating the significant impact of spatially varying magnetic fields on organic electronic properties.
  • To explore methods for controlling electronic transport and electroluminescence using magnetic fields.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating the effects of spatially rapid local magnetic fields (nuclear hyperfine fields) on electronic transport and electroluminescence.
  • Utilizing magnetic fringe fields from unsaturated ferromagnets to control conductivity and electroluminescence.
  • Developing a model based on fringe-field-induced polaron-pair spin-dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Spatially varying magnetic fields dramatically affect electronic transport and electroluminescence efficiency in organic layers.
  • Large magnetoresistance is observed due to competition between spin-dynamics and applied magnetic fields, even at room temperature.
  • Fringe-field magnetoresistance is several percent, hysteretic, anisotropic, and sensitive to remanent magnetic states.

Conclusions:

  • Spatially varying magnetic fields are a crucial factor in organic spintronics.
  • Magnetic fringe fields offer a novel method for controlling electrical conductivity and electroluminescence in organic devices.
  • The proposed spin-dynamics model successfully explains experimental observations.