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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

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The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
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Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

2.4K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
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Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects01:20

Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

1.9K
In a radical reaction, the concentration of starting materials governs the selectivity of a radical. For example, the reaction between an alkyl halide and an alkene, in the presence of tin hydride and AIBN, begins with the generation of a tin radical. The generated radical then abstracts halogen from the alkyl halide, producing an alkyl radical. This alkyl radical can either react with tin hydride, yielding an alkane, or add to an alkene, generating a nitrile-stabilized radical, eventually...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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How does public opinion become extreme?

Marlon Ramos1, Jia Shao2, Saulo D S Reis3

  • 11] Levich Institute and Physics Department, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA [2] Departamento de Física, PUC-Rio, 22451-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [3] CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Ministério da Educação, 70040-020, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.

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|May 20, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Societal opinion shifts toward extremism can be predicted by a nonlinear relationship between extreme and moderate viewpoints. This finding offers an early-warning signal for forecasting societal transitions to more extreme views.

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Area of Science:

  • Sociophysics
  • Statistical modeling of social dynamics

Background:

  • Societal opinion trends can exhibit shifts towards extremism.
  • Understanding the precursors to such shifts is crucial for societal analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of extreme opinion trends using statistical physics.
  • To identify early-warning signals for the transition from moderate to extreme views.

Main Methods:

  • Statistical physics modeling and analysis of poll data.
  • Development of an activation model for opinion dynamics incorporating 'stubbornness'.
  • Analysis of nonlinear relationships between fractions of individuals holding extreme versus moderate views.

Main Results:

  • A nonlinear relation between extreme and moderate opinion fractions indicates rising extremism.
  • The onset of nonlinearity corresponds to a bootstrap-percolation transition.
  • A phase diagram can classify societies based on their opinion dynamics and connectivity.

Conclusions:

  • The identified nonlinearity serves as an early-warning signal for societal opinion shifts.
  • The model successfully mimics empirical observations of opinion dynamics.
  • Societies can be categorized by their susceptibility to extreme opinion cascades.