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Down syndrome: Cognitive and behavioral functioning across the lifespan.

Julie Grieco, Margaret Pulsifer, Karen Seligsohn

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    Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) show distinct cognitive and behavioral development across their lifespan. Understanding these unique strengths and challenges aids in tailored support and early intervention for DS.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Psychology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit unique neurocognitive and neurobehavioral patterns.
    • These patterns differ from others with intellectual disability (ID) and are linked to neuroanatomy.
    • A distinct phenotypic profile is supported by these observations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and update knowledge on the cognitive and behavioral phenotypes in Down syndrome across the lifespan.
    • To highlight the developmental trajectories of cognitive and behavioral characteristics in DS.
    • To inform professionals and caregivers about the unique profile of individuals with DS.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review synthesizing existing research on Down syndrome phenotypes.
    • Analysis of developmental changes in cognitive and behavioral profiles from childhood to adulthood.
    • Examination of neuroanatomic correlates and genetic factors influencing the DS phenotype.

    Main Results:

    • Early childhood shows mild deviations, with pronounced delays by school age.
    • Nonverbal skills are a relative strength, while verbal deficits, particularly expressive language, persist.
    • Attention and executive function deficits increase with age; adults with DS have a higher risk for Alzheimer's-type dementia.

    Conclusions:

    • Down syndrome presents a unique lifespan profile of cognitive and behavioral strengths and weaknesses.
    • Personality assets like a social nature are characteristic.
    • Awareness of this profile is crucial for early detection, support, and promoting optimal development.