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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Human microbiota-associated swine: current progress and future opportunities.

Mei Wang1, Sharon M Donovan1

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Summary

Gnotobiotic piglet models, colonized with human microbiota, offer a superior alternative to rodent models for studying gut health. These models accurately reflect human physiology and gut microbiome development.

Keywords:
gnotobioticgut microbiotahuman microbiota-associatedpigletprebioticsprobiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Animal Models
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Gnotobiotic (GN) rodent models are crucial for understanding gut microbiota's role in health and disease.
  • Rodent models exhibit significant physiological and metabolic differences from humans, limiting their clinical relevance.
  • Pigs share anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities with humans, making them a promising model for human development studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and validate human microbiota-associated (HMA) piglet models.
  • To assess the suitability of HMA piglets for studying gut microbiota dynamics and host interactions.
  • To explore the potential of HMA piglets as a model for pre- and probiotic intervention screening.

Main Methods:

  • Development of gnotobiotic piglet models colonized with human gut microbiota from various age groups.
  • Comparison of gut microbiota composition in HMA piglets versus conventionally reared piglets.
  • Analysis of the establishment of key human infant gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, in HMA piglets.

Main Results:

  • HMA piglets successfully harbored gut microbiota profiles more similar to human donors than to pig microbiota.
  • Predominant infant gut bacteria, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, were successfully established in HMA piglets.
  • The HMA pig model demonstrated recapitulation of key aspects observed in GN rodent models.

Conclusions:

  • The HMA pig model is a clinically relevant and valuable tool for investigating gut microbiota's influence on human health and disease.
  • This model can be used to study the impact of environmental factors (diet, antibiotics, infection) on gut microbiota composition.
  • HMA piglets serve as an ideal platform for elucidating microbe-host interactions and screening interventions due to human-like physiology and development.