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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Assessment of Nerve Injury-Induced Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Rats Using an Orofacial Operant Pain Assay
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Occlusal dysesthesia: a topical narrative review.

M Melis1,2, K H Zawawi3

  • 1Private Practice, Cagliari, Italy.

Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
|May 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Occlusal dysesthesia (OD) causes an uncomfortable bite sensation without clear dental issues, often linked to emotional distress. Dental treatments for OD are ineffective and can worsen symptoms, highlighting the need for avoidance.

Keywords:
dental treatmentdiagnostic criteriaocclusal dysesthesiaphantom bitetopical review

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Psychosomatic Medicine

Background:

  • Occlusal dysesthesia (OD) is a condition characterized by a subjective feeling of an uncomfortable bite.
  • It occurs without any objective occlusal discrepancies and is frequently associated with emotional distress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, taxonomy, etiopathophysiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of occlusal dysesthesia.
  • To highlight clinical issues and dental therapy considerations for OD patients.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted to identify all papers related to occlusal dysesthesia.
  • References from selected studies and review articles were examined for additional relevant literature.

Main Results:

  • An initial search identified 138 articles, with 18 deemed relevant to the topic of OD.
  • The review covers various aspects of OD, including its clinical presentation and management challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Occlusal dysesthesia is a complex condition often exacerbated by dental interventions.
  • Avoiding dental treatment in patients with OD is recommended as it is typically inadequate and worsens symptoms.