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Brain Waves

Brain Waves

Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:

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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

A bidirectional link between brain oscillations and geometric patterns.

Federica Mauro¹, Antonino Raffone², Rufin VanRullen³

¹Université de Toulouse, CerCo, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France, CNRS, UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine de Purpan, CHU Purpan, 31052 Toulouse Cedex, France, and Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00183 Rome, Italy.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience

|May 22, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Brain oscillations bidirectionally link visual flicker and geometric hallucinations. Specific flicker frequencies induce specific hallucination patterns, and viewing these patterns enhances corresponding brain oscillations, revealing a spatial-temporal connection.

Keywords:

EEG flicker geometric hallucination oscillation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

Generation of Local CA1 γ Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

Generation of Local CA1 γ Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

Published on: August 14, 2015

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Published on: March 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Perception
Computational Psychiatry

Background:

Hallucinogenic drugs and visual flicker stimulation can induce geometric visual hallucinations (e.g., radial, spiral patterns).
Brain oscillatory activity is modulated by both visual flicker and hallucinogenic drugs, but its precise role in geometric hallucinations is unclear.
Existing models link hallucination geometry to functional neuro-anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the bidirectional relationship between brain oscillations and geometric visual hallucinations.
To determine if specific brain oscillation frequencies are associated with specific geometric hallucination patterns.

Main Methods:

A behavioral experiment using full-field uniform flicker stimulation to identify flicker frequencies inducing radial (<10 Hz) or spiral (10-20 Hz) hallucinations.
Electroencephalography (EEG) recording while participants viewed static images of radial or spiral patterns without flicker.
Analysis of EEG oscillatory enhancement at frequencies identified in the behavioral experiment.

Main Results:

Specific flicker frequencies preferentially induced distinct geometric hallucinations: <10 Hz for radial and 10-20 Hz for spiral patterns.
Viewing static radial patterns selectively enhanced EEG oscillations below 10 Hz.
Viewing static spiral patterns selectively enhanced EEG oscillations between 10-20 Hz.

Conclusions:

The link between brain oscillations and geometric hallucinations is bidirectional, with flicker frequencies and pattern viewing mutually influencing each other.
Brain oscillations act as preferential channels for spatial information, despite being inherently temporal.
This finding constrains potential neuronal mechanisms underlying visual hallucinations.