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Early adversity in baboons does not prepare them for future challenges, contrary to the predictive adaptive response hypothesis. Instead, early adversity carries lifelong costs, supporting the developmental constraints hypothesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Primatology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Early-life conditions can significantly influence adult traits and fitness.
  • The evolutionary basis of early-life effects is debated, with two main hypotheses: predictive adaptive response and developmental constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test whether adverse early environments confer adaptive benefits for later-life challenges.
  • To differentiate between the predictive adaptive response and developmental constraints hypotheses using wild baboons.

Main Methods:

  • Studied wild female baboons born in either low-quality (drought) or high-quality (normal rainfall) years.
  • Measured fertility-related fitness components in adulthood during years that matched or mismatched their early-life conditions.
  • Assessed the impact of maternal social status on offspring's resilience to early adversity.

Main Results:

  • Females born in low-quality environments experienced greater fertility declines during drought years compared to those born in high-quality years.
  • Early ecological adversity did not enhance resilience to later ecological challenges; instead, it incurred lifelong costs.
  • A high-quality early environment (ecological or social) promoted resilience to later ecological stress.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the developmental constraints hypothesis, indicating early adversity is generally costly.
  • Early life adversity does not prepare individuals for future adversity; rather, it can lead to lifelong disadvantages.
  • A high-quality early environment, particularly social status, can buffer against the negative impacts of later ecological stress.