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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Pre-stimulus BOLD-network activation modulates EEG spectral activity during working memory retention.

Mara Kottlow1, Anthony Schlaepfer2, Anja Baenninger3

  • 1Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Bern Psychiatric Services (UPS) Bern, Switzerland ; Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|May 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

State-dependent brain activity fluctuations impact working memory (WM) performance. Suppressed pre-stimulus default mode network (DMN) activity facilitates task-related frontal midline theta increases, enhancing WM retention. This reveals a crucial interplay between preparatory and task-related neural processes.

Keywords:
BOLD-ICAcovariance mappingfrontal-midline thetapre-stimulus statestate dependencytemporally coherent brain networksworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) is crucial for cognitive operations and mental health, but its performance fluctuates with momentary mental states.
  • Pre-stimulus brain activity, including BOLD fluctuations and spectral EEG, influences WM task performance.
  • Understanding the interplay between preparatory and task-related brain activity is key to explaining state-dependent information processing in WM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between task-preparatory brain activity (pre-stimulus BOLD fluctuations) and task-related brain activity (spectral EEG) during visual working memory (WM) retention.
  • To analyze how activity in specific brain networks during preparation modulates EEG activity during WM retention.
  • To explore the relationship between default mode network (DMN) activity and frontal midline theta oscillations during a WM task.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous EEG and fMRI were used in 22 subjects performing a visuo-verbal Sternberg task with varying loads.
  • Group independent component analysis (ICA) identified four temporally coherent networks (TCNs), including the DMN and WM networks.
  • Modulatory effects of pre-stimulus TCN activation on retention-related EEG activity (theta, alpha, beta frequencies) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Replication of load-dependent effects: increased frontal-midline theta and decreased pre-stimulus DMN activity.
  • Significant negative correlations between pre-stimulus DMN activity and frontal-midline theta, indicating suppressed DMN facilitates theta increases.
  • Evidence that spectral oscillations during WM retention are synchronized with and modulated by activity in attention-related networks during preparation.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-stimulus DMN activity levels significantly modulate subsequent task-related frontal midline theta increases, highlighting a state-dependent mechanism in WM.
  • Neural processes during WM retention, reflected in spectral oscillations, are dynamically coupled with and influenced by preparatory activity in attention networks.
  • Findings provide insights into how brain states influence information processing and cognitive control in working memory.