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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Carry-over coarticulation in joint angles.

Eva Hansen1, Britta Grimme, Hendrik Reimann

  • 1Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, eva.hansen@ini.rub.de.

Experimental Brain Research
|May 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human arm movements show carry-over coarticulation at the joint level, not the end-effector. This suggests movement planning occurs at the end-effector and is transformed to joint commands, demonstrating motor equivalence.

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Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Biomechanics
  • Human movement science

Background:

  • Coarticulation describes how speech sound production is influenced by preceding or succeeding sounds.
  • This phenomenon is studied in human arm movements to understand motor control strategies.
  • Redundant degrees of freedom in the human arm allow for flexible movement generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate coarticulation in multi-degree-of-freedom human arm movements.
  • To determine if coarticulation occurs at the end-effector or joint level.
  • To explore the relationship between coarticulation, motor equivalence, and movement planning.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a cylinder transport task with their arms (10 degrees of freedom).
  • Movements to identical spatial locations were compared based on preceding (carry-over) or succeeding (anticipatory) end-effector paths.
  • The uncontrolled manifold concept was used to analyze joint-level and end-effector-level variability.

Main Results:

  • No evidence of coarticulation was found at the end-effector level.
  • Clear evidence of carry-over coarticulation was observed at the joint level.
  • Anticipatory coarticulation was not detected at either level.
  • Motor equivalence was established, with variability primarily within the uncontrolled manifold.

Conclusions:

  • Movement planning in the human arm appears to occur at the end-effector level.
  • Inverse kinematics transforms end-effector plans into joint-level commands.
  • Carry-over coarticulation at the joint level reflects this transformation process, not anticipatory planning.