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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfaction deterioration in cognitive disorders in the elderly.

Giancarlo Ottaviano1, Giuliana Frasson2, Ennio Nardello2

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100, Padua, Italy. giancarlo.ottaviano@unipd.it.

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
|May 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Smell dysfunction, or dysosmia, is an early indicator for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Simple olfactory tests can aid in the early diagnosis of these conditions in the elderly.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseCognitive disordersElderlyParkinson’s diseaseSniffin’ SticksUPSIT

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are prevalent neurodegenerative disorders affecting the elderly population.
  • Approximately 1% of individuals over 65 years old are affected by PD, while AD is the leading cause of dementia with a similar incidence rate in this age group.
  • Both PD and AD are consistently associated with impaired sense of smell (dysosmia).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review modern olfactory evaluation tools.
  • To highlight the significance of olfactory sensitivity screening in the elderly, particularly when cognitive disorders like AD or PD are suspected.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review was conducted focusing on the fundamental principles of olfactory tests.
  • The application of these smell tests in elderly patients with cognitive disorders, specifically PD and AD, was examined.

Main Results:

  • Dysosmia is an early characteristic of both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
  • Validated olfactory tests can assist clinicians in the early detection of these neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Elderly individuals experiencing smell loss and confirmed dysosmia via testing warrant prompt neurological evaluation for potential early motor abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory screening using validated tests can serve as a valuable tool for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases in the elderly.
  • Early detection through smell tests may facilitate timely intervention and management of these debilitating neurodegenerative conditions.