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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors
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Transcriptome Signature and Regulation in Human Somatic Cell Reprogramming.

Yoshiaki Tanaka1, Eriona Hysolli1, Juan Su2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Stem Cell Reports
|May 26, 2015
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Summary

This study reveals that early cell reprogramming occurs independently of chromatin changes. A specific CCNE1 splice variant enhances human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation, offering new insights into reprogramming.

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Stem cell biology
  • Transcriptomics

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are crucial for biomedical research.
  • Previous studies focused on transcriptome changes during reprogramming.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of iPSC generation is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct RNA-sequencing on cells defined by multiple surface markers during reprogramming.
  • To investigate the relationship between transcriptome changes and chromatin accessibility.
  • To identify novel gene splice forms and their roles in reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) on sorted cell populations.
  • Analysis of gene splicing patterns.
  • Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) expression analysis.

Main Results:

  • Transcriptome changes in early reprogramming are independent of OSKM-mediated chromatin opening.
  • Multiple gene splice forms are uniquely expressed at different reprogramming stages.
  • A human-specific CCNE1 splice form significantly enhances reprogramming efficiency.
  • Monoallelic gene expression occurs in intermediate stages, with biallelic expression restored upon completion.

Conclusions:

  • Transcriptome dynamics and alternative splicing play critical roles in iPSC reprogramming.
  • The identified CCNE1 splice form is a key enhancer of human iPSC generation.
  • These findings provide a deeper understanding of the molecular events governing human iPSC reprogramming.